Preventing Bullying Kyndall Dunn Dr. Hawkins Free Essays

Forestalling Bullying Kyndall Dunn Dr. Hawkins ENC 1101 November fifteenth, 2012 Abstract: Bullying is getting to a greater degree an issue here in Volusia County (â€Å"National†). The reason for this exploration is to discover appropriate approaches to help tormenting in the Central Florida School Systems. We will compose a custom exposition test on Forestalling Bullying Kyndall Dunn Dr. Hawkins or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now A couple of the schools in Volusia County are utilizing a not-for-profit association called, â€Å"Preventing Bullying in Central Florida (â€Å"Florida†). A meeting with one of the association pros indicated that the harassing was diminished when utilizing this program. Be that as it may, numerous schools in Volusia County aren’t mindful how enormous of a difficult tormenting can be. So most schools are overlooking the issue and thinking about it as a piece of regular daily existence (â€Å"Florida†). This examination was led since kids ought not need to go to class each day feeling like they will be undermined. A meeting with an association authority and overviews were distributed to understudies at Deland High School. The result of the studies and the meeting is that there should be more mindfulness on tormenting in light of the fact that many individuals and understudies in the Central Florida School Systems don't have a clue how to manage the issue. The outcomes disclosed to us that youngsters and grown-ups need more data about how to deal with and mediate with specific circumstances. Presentation: Students are as a rule verbally and truly tormented by their companions in the educational systems. Youngsters are battling each day on account of the impact tormenting can have on them. Tormenting is turning into a genuine issue and kids need to figure out how to intercede and adapt to the issue. The justification behind this examination is to attempt to comprehend harassing better and to discover ways that the issue can benefit from outside intervention. A study was distributed to secondary school understudies to assemble data from understudies who may have encountered tormenting and their considerations on the issue. Additionally, a meeting was led to discover how the impacts of harassing are being helped and what should additionally be possible to support the issue. The motivation behind this examination is to help mediate and discover approaches to diminish tormenting in the Central Florida School Systems. Harassing is turning into a major issue and should be tended to speedily to attempt to reduce the impacts. It can cause numerous kids to feel exceptionally shaky about themselves and begin to feel discouraged, which has prompted self-destructive passings here in Volusia County (â€Å"Florida†). Youngsters ought to have the option to go to class without stressing what one individual may do or say to them. This examination helps assemble more data that is expected to help decline tormenting in the Volusia County School System. Harassing is at its record-breaking high in the educational systems today (â€Å"National†). The rates of understudies between the ages of 12 through 18 that have revealed being harassed in Florida have expanded 27. 7 percent since 2008 (â€Å"National†). So as to help forestall harassing, Florida has another law that each Volusia County School System must embrace the Jeffery Johnson Stand Up for All Students Act. This is an arrangement that forbids tormenting on school grounds and school organize PCs. This likewise permits projects to instruct understudies and instructors on the results of harassing. Anyway in spite of the law, there were as yet 6,134 revealed occurrences of harassing in the 2011/2012 school year (â€Å"National†). The demonstration isn't totally powerful due to being obsolete and lingers behind in research. Kids are as yet apprehensive and feel awkward to making some noise in the event that they are being harassed. Numerous Volusia County secondary schools aren’t doing what's needed to put to a greater degree a stop to harassing and to make a move (â€Å"National†). There is more that should be possible to let youngsters feel increasingly good to stand up and converse with a grown-up about being tormented before it gets taken excessively far. Examination shows that tormenting and badgering of others can prompt more unfortunate instructive results, lower future goals, absence of certainty and confidence, and even lead to sadness as a grown-up (â€Å"Home†). Projects like the Jeffery-Johnston-Stand-Up-for-All-Students-Act and the StopBully. ov are an immense assistance to the Central Florida School Systems to help quit harassing (â€Å"Home†). In any case, as per measurements there should even now be increasingly done to secure these youngsters in the schools of Volusia County (â€Å"Florida†). Grown-ups in the school should accept harassing as a genuine issue, or the tormenting will proceed (â€Å"Home†). Volusia County Schools are discovering charitable associations to additionally help train educators and staff on tormenting and how to deal with circumstances of harassing in a study hall. They are giving them aptitudes on the most proficient method to suitably mediate on tormenting. Likewise, there is a higher danger of tormenting in settings where there is next to zero grown-up observing. Deltona High School is right now discovering â€Å"hot spots† for tormenting nearby and has begun to screen those regions more than previously. This has diminished harassing so far by modest quantities (â€Å"Florida†). A meeting with somebody who is instructed on harassing will be exceptionally useful for this exploration. It will show us the genuine effects of how harassing can impact a youngster. The meeting will give assistance us comprehend an alternate point of view on tormenting and furthermore why children may menace on others. Likewise, it will give more data on the cost it can take on a youngster to be tormented and why they are the objective of menaces. Studies that were passed out will give alternate points of view on harassing from the secondary school understudies at Deland High School. This will permit a superior comprehension from the children about tormenting and how it influences them actually. Studying the High School Students: The motivation behind looking over secondary school understudies is to attempt to comprehend their contemplations on harassing and furthermore their encounters. The review comprises of four inquiries to show signs of improvement comprehension to assemble approaches to help quit harassing. The primary inquiry on the study is, â€Å"Would you tell a grown-up at the school on the off chance that you are being bullied†. Around seventy five percent of the understudies that took the overview said no, they don't feel sufficiently great to converse with a grown-up about being harassed. They additionally felt that the tormenting wouldn’t change so they didn't see the point in heading off to a grown-up about the issue. A couple of understudies expressed that they feel harassing now is only a piece of life and that we will all need to experience it. The subsequent overview question is, â€Å"If you see somebody that is being harassed, okay need to help stop the tormenting? Around ninety three percent of the study takers said that they would need to attempt to stop the harassing yet they aren’t sure how to move toward the circumstance without conceivably exacerbating it. One understudy even expressed that they have attempted to intercede previously and it ju st exacerbated it by getting someone else included. The third study question is, â€Å"Do you think passionate issues have a great deal to do with tormenting? † About 85% of the understudies overviewed said they accepted that passionate issues were the explanation that individuals wanted to menace. One understudy even reacted saying that the normal quality with tormenting is absence of sympathy and not can know or comprehend different people’s sentiments. So when the harasser assaults somebody they have the sentiment of being in charge and feels over the other individual. So the domineering jerk rests easy thinking about themselves by the sentiment of being substandard compared to the individual they harassed on. The fourth overview questions asks, â€Å"Have you at any point been tormented and how could it cause you to feel? † About 70% of the understudies reviewed said they have been tormented either verbally or truly while in secondary school. A couple of understudies said they were harassed so much it got hard for them to make companions and had a more unfortunate relationship with their cohorts than different understudies as a result of low confidence. The general investigation of the study clarified that the majority of the understudies that were reviewed were terrified to take care of the harassing or were produced to talk about it. They additionally accept that tormenting is only a piece of regular day to day existence, however most understudies recommended that looking at harassing and leaving instructors and staff alone progressively mindful of the issue would help colossally. Meeting: A meeting was directed with Sean Ritcher who is a piece of a non-benefit association called, â€Å"Preventing Bullying in Volusia County â€Å". His part in the association is to assist train with peopling to go to schools and discussion about harassing. He encourages us to illuminate understudies with his examination on ways they can quit tormenting and how they teach individuals to end harassing. During the meeting, Ritcher expressed that he and others of the association go to schools and encourage the youngsters approaches to calmly take care of the issue and to go to bat for themselves verbally, not fiercely. He expressed that most kids are reluctant to make a move against tormenting and tell a grown-up on the grounds that they feel that the harassing will simply deteriorate. They tell understudies the best way to help other people that are being tormented. Likewise, approaches to adapt to the issue and securely make a move. They likewise expressed that they worry to the understudies on the off chance that you or you realize somebody is being tormented to shout out and let a grown-up at the school know the circumstance and what is happening. Ritcher kept on saying that bringing issues to light and approaches to recognize school chairmen truly diminishes harassing. He said their program remakes the learning condition to make a social atmosphere described by strong grown-up contribution, by having positive good examples and setting firm restrains that there are no special cases for harassing. So as to successfully air conditioning

5 aspect to create a sustainable, positive atmosphere in your classroom free essay sample

The job of Art Education and the results of Quality Program The basic results which structure the premise of our training framework are wide, conventional cross-curricular results which hold fast to Constitution and have been received by SAQA. These results will guarantee that students gain abilities, information and qualities that will permit them to add to their own prosperity just as the achievement of their families and networks. The key thoughts that represent the significance of these results incorporate dominance of activity, for example, Identifying and taking care of issues Working viably with others Organizing and overseeing oneself Collecting, investigating and basically assessment of data Communicate adequately Being socially and stylishly delicate Developing pioneering aptitudes These results essentially allude to details of what realizes ought to have the option to do toward the finish of the learning experience. By being presented to craftsmanship, the kid figures out how to build up the accompanying aptitudes: Academic accomplishment Association in human expressions can help kids effectively participate in learning, comprehend the ideas being instructed, grow profound understandings in whatever subject is being instructed, and to communicate their understandings in various manners. Ordinary association in expressions of the human experience builds up the higher request aptitudes of examination, union and assessment, just as basic reasoning, critical thinking and dynamic abilities. Research additionally demonstrates that continued quality commitment in expressions of the human experience upgrades children’s education and numeracy aptitudes, particularly those kids from burdened foundations. Regard for themselves as well as other people Through association in quality expressions programs, kids can interface and feel for others as they comprehend and value their societies, customs and images. Human expressions are a method of changing children’s recognitions and generalizations of individuals who are unique in relation to them as they are presented to various social orders and societies through their crafts. They figure out how to regard and value the distinctions and become increasingly open minded of others, just as tolerating and regarding their own way of life. Preparing and Life aptitudes Australian reports into employability of youngsters recommend that to prevail in the work environment in the 21st century, youngsters should have the option to gather, break down and sort out data, impart thoughts and data, design and arrange exercises, work with others in a group, utilize scientific thoughts and strategies, take care of issues and use innovation. Inside a quality expressions program every one of these aptitudes is created thus, by association in human expressions, youngsters, as tomorrow’s pioneers, are as a rule completely arranged for the serious and imaginative field of the universe of work. Self-Expression Through self-articulation in human expressions, youngsters learn center, self-restraint, advancement, imagination and passionate articulation just as verbal and non-verbal relational abilities. They figure out how to utilize an assortment of media to communicate and impart utilizing multi-proficiency. They figure out how to utilize developments, images, visuals and sounds just as words to pass on significance. They figure out how to connect with their own emotions and those of others. At the point when they make or watch a show-stopper they react inwardly, they like themselves, and they discover that there is something else entirely to life than what can be evaluated by quantitative measures. Results OF A QUALITY ART Program A quality expressions program is perhaps the best blessing an instructor can provide for their youngsters †don’t deny them of this valuable present under any conditions. Fine arts ought to be made from perception, memory and creative mind The student will build up a comprehension of craftsmanship as a methods for articulation thoughts, sentiments and standards. The student will increase a fundamental comprehension of the scope of visual expressions from the beginning of time and across numerous societies. The student will be acquainted with craftsmanship terms and ideas. The student will find out about a scope of world societies through the investigation of works of art, their specific situations, purposes and social qualities. The student will create inclinations for some sort or style of craftsmanship. The will figure out how craftsmanship communicates social qualities and have the option to impact society as he/she will explore manners by which the visual expressions are affected by the settings of their creation, for example, mental variables, political occasions, social qualities or change in innovation. The student will have the option to utilize wellsprings of revelation and research, for example, the library and web to look for explicit data about workmanship and specialists. QUESTION 3 DEFINE CREATIVITY: Creativity is a capacity to deliver something new through innovative aptitude, regardless of whether another answer for an issue, another technique or gadget, or another aesthetic items or structure. The term for the most part alludes to an extravagance of thoughts and inventiveness of reasoning. Mental investigations of exceptionally innovative individuals have demonstrated that many have a solid enthusiasm for clear issue, logical inconsistency, and awkwardness, which appear to be seen as difficulties. Such people may have a particularly profound, wide, and adaptable attention to themselves. Studies additionally show that knowledge has little relationship with imagination; in this way, an exceptionally smart individual may not be innovative. Inventiveness is the capacity to produce creative thoughts and show them from thought into the real world. The procedure includes unique reasoning and afterward creating. â€Å"Creativity is characterized as the propensity to produce or perceive thoughts, options, or conceivable outcomes that might be helpful in tackling issues, speaking with others, and engaging ourselves as well as other people. † †Robert E. Franken, Human Motivation Characteristics of innovative/aesthetic individuals 1. touchy Being delicate helps imagination from numerous points of view: a. it assists with consciousness of issues, known obscure b. it assists individuals with detecting things simpler c. it assists with making individuals mind and concede to difficulties or causes. 2. not spurred by cash As significant as cash is in many social orders or economies it's anything but a main thrust for an innovative individual. By and large they have a natural feeling of the measure of cash they essentially need and once that need is satisfied then cash quits influencing or driving them. 3. feeling of predetermination Intuitively innovative individuals realize that they have a reason, a fate or they understand that they can pick or make one to drive them to arrive at more prominent statures of expertise, capacity, or ability. 4. versatile Without the capacity to adjust individuals couldn't get inventive. Yet rather than adjust to something they decide to adjust things to suit them, their requirements or the objectives they are endeavoring towards. 5. open minded of equivocalness at least two things or thoughts being directly simultaneously challenges the thinking about an innovative individual. They love to be vague to challenge others and thoughts. Uncertainty causes them see things from a wide range of points of view all simultaneously. 6. attentive Creative individuals continually are utilizing their faculties: deliberately, sub-intentionally and unknowingly, even non-deliberately. 7. see world diversely Thoreau discussed individuals drumming to an alternate drum beat. Inventive individuals flourish with various methods of seeing: seeing, hearing, contacting, smelling, tasting, detecting things. These alternate points of view open up their brains to boundless prospects. 8. see prospects Average individuals, individuals who don’t accept they are inventive, individuals who are frightful or impervious to innovativeness or imaginative intuition like to work inside cutoff points with restricted prospects. Inventive individuals love to see many, even unbounded prospects as a rule or difficulties. Question 2 Developing mindfulness through encounters Perceptual mindfulness implies the capacity to see, and furthermore the capacity to recollect in detail, the contemplations, discernments, and emotions related with an encounter. These encounters must be disguised and identified with something that the student definitely knows to empower them to expand their edge of reference. Evoked sentiments or feelings can be found as far as physical, just as enthusiastic, encounters. Building up an attention to the article through sympathy with the item alludes to the learner’s capacity to relate to the item; compassion some of the time can be to such an extent that the student feels like he/she’s the article. The expressive substance of work of work is the inclination or feeling that a picture creates in the individuals who come into contact with it. Before an outwardly structure is examined, the watcher encounters the expressive nature of the work. These non verbal signals convey certain emotions before one endeavors to comprehend the formal visual language of a work of art. The manner by which we react to the expressive substance of a work is adapted by our casing of reference, to be specific our past experience and desires. We react sincerely to specific structures or shading since we connects them with specific significance for us. This reaction is represented by our way of life, our conventions, our edges of reference. Visual quality, as a result of their inalienable connections, make certain condition of sentiments whenever saw inside the correct casing of reference. Given the correct sort of direction, students may figure out how to see and experience the characteristics found in craftsmanships of the over a wide span of time and subsequently enhance the nature of their lives. Instructors must have the option to plan, guide and lead students to a perceptual mindfulness that a student would not have documented without anyone else. With the previously mentioned direction, students will turn out to be logically progressively mindful and have the option to decipher their own mindfulness by creating affectability and receptiveness to their general surroundings. Creating AWARENESS THOUGH VISUAL STIMULUS Developing perceptual mindfulness is a method of expanding one’s capacity to deal with visual data through faculties. Because of this data the student ought to have more

Ethiopian Culture Free Essays

Ethiopian Culture The individuals of Ethiopia are assorted gathering of individuals that communicate in a few unique dialects. Among them are a type of Semitic, Cushitic, or Amharicâ€which is the official language. English is the most generally communicated in unknown dialect. We will compose a custom article test on Ethiopian Culture or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Ethiopia has numerous ethnic gatherings: Oromo, Amhara, Tigreans and 77 other ethnic gatherings. A considerable lot of these gatherings have their own language also. The two significant strict gatherings in the nation are Christians and Muslims alongside conventional African Religions. Ethiopians are conscious individuals and will emerge from one’s seat or surrender one’s bed for a more established companion or relative. Being of unassuming disposition and obliging are significant social qualities in Ethiopia. When meeting new individuals, Ethiopians frequently are formal and held. Shaping connections requires significant investment and is a procedure all by itself. A few issues that should be tended to are the treatment of ladies. This is because of ladies not being dealt with decently, and even now and again ineffectively. Most ladies don’t know their privileges. The Ethiopian constitution accommodates equity , yet it is infrequently followed in light of the fact that there are no viable instruments of implementation for these assurances (Ethiopia Economic Studies, 2000). Additionally, because of the high number of ethnic gatherings, numerous individuals live in states that are isolated by ethnic gathering and political association. This may cause issues when individuals of various societies cooperate. Reports show that there is a long history of pressure between inborn gatherings in the locale. One such model is between the Nuer and Anuak. Different issues that will factor in while working together in Ethiopia are: outrageous neediness; poor framework, for example, transportation; interchanges and other utility administrations; limitations on outside trade and poor financial framework. In spite of this, Ethiopia’s monetary development has flooded, averaging 6-7% from 1993-1998 (Ethiopia Economic Studies, 2000). Generally speaking, Ethiopia is a nation ready with circumstance that can give a common advantage to financial specialists and the neighborhood populace. Work is economical nd in this way, our organization can stand to recruit more individuals and help our kindred representatives out of neediness and still turn a benefit. There are many hazard involvedâ€considering the ethnic and political tensionâ€but with any potential speculation, there are consistently chances. With information and an extraordinary comprehension of Ethiopian culture, a great field-tested strategy can help smooth out the harsh ed ges of working together in an outside nation. References: Travel Information. (2009). Ethiopia Country Review, 92-103. Social and segment chances in Ethiopia. (2000). Ethiopia Economic Studies, 84. Step by step instructions to refer to Ethiopian Culture, Essay models

Why Students Shouldnt Feel Guilty About Writing a College Paper

Why Students Shouldn't Feel Guilty About Writing a College PaperIf you're considering the college paper writing process, you've probably come across the myth that you need to write a PhD paper if you have ambitions of teaching. After all, writing a paper to complete a PhD is a fairly difficult task and it's not only an admission requirement, but the education council for many universities and colleges will impose one upon you as well. It's hard to get into a university without having taken this paper writing test, and once you've got in, you might find the transition from high school teacher to university professor to be a difficult one.In fact, you can do both, and you shouldn't feel the pressure to do the PhD paper. What are the advantages of taking a college paper writing test and how does it compare to a PhD paper?Most students' research projects have some kind of 'a project summary' which lists their achievements and gives them a section of time to talk about their achievements. A PhD project can be just as long and include much more in-depth information. However, most PhD students also require a formal paper to present their ideas clearly and effectively. The expectations for a PhD paper differ greatly between different universities and colleges, and thus your college essay needs to reflect this variation in expectations.There is no university exam or paper writing test to prepare for in high school, and it's pretty much assumed that anyone who achieves high grades at this stage will go on to do well in college. However, this is a misconception that universities would like to create as they can. That's why writing a paper to fulfill a PhD standard seems so important to many students, and this paper has become almost a requirement for future university graduates.Writing a college paper to fulfill the university exam will require some level of research and this research requires research skills as well. This paper requires you to analyze your own research a nd decide if you are capable of writing a research paper worthy of being submitted to the council. Students' research isn't always all about the details of the research and to write a real college paper, you must combine your academic and non-academic knowledge in order to ensure you get the most out of the paper. This paper isn't necessarily written for future university employment, but it will give you a good outline of your writing style.Take this bit of writing seriously because you may be planning a thesis task or writing a research project on the other side of the world, which can help you keep your brain sharp as well as your writing skills sharp. College paper writing tests are just part of the study process, which means your original paper isn't finished until you've got it accepted by the university.

Government Intervention Negative Externalities...

Government intervention in the economy has consistently been a sensitive subject. When it comes to regulating of the economy the implementers must find the balance between the cost of regulation and the benefits. Some are more essential than others, but generally all these regulations are designed for different situations. There are several types of regulations that seek to negate negative effects of producers and benefit the consumer: negative externality regulation, factual information regulation, and unnatural monopoly regulation. Negative externality regulation aims to limit the negative effects of a particular action that might benefit one individual rather than the whole community. The rationale between this type of regulation is that with any production of a good there are bound to be some negative externality; where there is a regulation to enforce we can see the reduction, taxation, or elimination of this externality. In a totally efficient market negative externalities are usually ignored therefore increasing the social cost and there is a competitive reason for this. Firms may not want to cut cost and pollute more, but if they don’t they are at a competitive disadvantage. This is when the market can be too free and too competitive. Negative externality regulation is meant to include the social cost in the form of a tax, fee, fine, etc. (Ulbrich, 116). This will increase the total cost, but we must also compare it to the social cost and see if it is actuallyShow MoreRelatedAirline Industry in Hong Kong8396 Words   |  34 Pagesfollowings,  6 ¦1 Supply and demand  ¨C regional and global  6 ¦1 Technological advancement leading to economies of supply  ¨C reduction in production cost  6 ¦1 Profit maximization  ¨C price discrimination vital for the Airlines Industry  6 ¦1 Government intervention  ¨C deregulation and liberalization.  6 ¦1 Trends  ¨C formation of alliances Along the process, we have adopted the principles from both microeconomics and macroeconomics in evaluating the influence to the internal (the firms) and the externalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganizational forms for a new millennium? Introduction What is postmodernism? Is postmodernism anything new? The history Post-industrialism and the information society The virtual organization Neo-fordism, flexible specialization and post-fordism The regulation school Institutionalist school The ‘managerialist’ school The flexible firm – critique Postmodern organizations – the work of Stewart Clegg and Paul Heydebrand Conclusions 198 198 200 202 205 206 211 213 215 217 220 225 227 234 Chapter 6

Marketing Plan - Cafe - 988 Words

Assignment #5 – MKT 500 Marketing Management 1. Introduction The goal of this marketing plan is to outline the strategies, tactics, and programs that will make the sales goals for a planned discount internet cafà ©. Cafà © Loco, unlike a typical cafe, provides a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the Internet. Cafà © Loco is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants a place to enjoy delicious coffee products, at discount prices; a place to socialize and share these experiences with friends and colleagues and access to methods of communication (internet, multi-purpose systems). Cafà © Loco’s marketing team will perform due diligence and research the market leaders in†¦show more content†¦The company also owns the Seattles Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia coffee brands. In addition, Starbucks markets its coffee through grocery stores and licenses its brand for other food and beverage products. (1) Starbucks number one strength is brand name recognition. This strength is so huge that is Starbucks is now part of American culture. Starbucks is also are a very technologically advanced company. Current press releases state that people with smart phones (Android, iPhone) will be able to download an app that will allow users to pay for their drinks by displaying a bar code on their phone at participating Starbucks locations. A weakness that will be part of our marketing strategy is pricing. Starbucks is widely considered to be a very pricey product, and with these tough economic times, Cafà © Loco will use this weakness as an advantage. 3. Differentiate from Competitors Cafà © Loco is faced with an exciting opportunity of being the first discount, national brand coffee house that can compete with Starbucks and their market share. By differentiating themselves, but at the same time providing an upscale environment, the Cafà © Loco concept should be a formula for success. Pricing will be the key advantage for Cafà © Loco within th e first year. Cafà © Loco must provide theShow MoreRelatedCafe Nero Marketing Plan6124 Words   |  25 Pages Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 4 Marketing Audit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 5 PEST Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 5 Market Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 8 Micro Environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 10 Internal Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....Page 12 SWOT Analysis..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 13 Assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..Page 14 Marketing Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 15 StrategyRead MoreCafe Marketing Plan4008 Words   |  17 PagesExecutive Summary The purpose of this marketing plan is to outline the strategies, tactics, and programs that will make the sales goals detailed in the Andes Cafà © and Art Lounge business plan a success. 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Pret continues to use this simple marketing technique toRead MoreMccafe Marketing Plan7083 Words   |  29 PagesMcCafà © Marketing Plan By Mikail M Gasanov Mikail Gasanov 7 February 2012 BBA Marketing Planning, Group A McCafà © marketing plan Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Current marketing situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Segmentation, targeting, and positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10

Public Health Policy Occupational Safety

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy Occupational Safety. Answer: Description of the Policy The title of the policy chosen for this assignment is Public Health Policy Occupational Safety. The purpose of the new policy is to elaborate on the citations known as Australian DOJ for illegitimate proceedings. Any litigation filed for occupational health and safety violation can cite the policy for justice and legal action. The miners of the 21st century enjoy more health benefits compared to their counterparts in the 19th century. However, more changes need to be introduced to ensure that Australia is among the top five countries in the mining sector. An industry which does not take care of its employees cannot prosper. Miners are exposed to hazards of all kinds (Mudd, 2007). As such, a public health policy occupational safety needs to be put in place to streamline the operations in the mining sector. Many court cases related to mining have been thrown out due to lack of proper anchorage in government policies. This will change a lot with the implementation of this policy. The po licy will give legal grounds for improvement of the working conditions in the mining sites to reduce preventable injuries and illnesses among miners. In addition, employees working in the factories to process minerals after mining will be protected by this policy. Importance of the Policy in Health Safety and security of the workforce are integral components for any organisation with a goal to run its operations smoothly. Health and safety constitute part of the working environment. A good working environment must support the workers and as such has to be free of avoidable accidents. Health connotes the general welfare. It encompasses both bodily wellbeing as well as emotional and psychological health. Safety infers to the steps taken in caring for the physical wellbeing of all persons at the work place. It may involve reducing the risk of accidents triggered due by faulty machinery, corrosive chemicals or mines caving in (Li et al., 2014). The human resources departments in the mining organizations will be charged with the assignment of ensuring that the rights of workers with regards to health and safety are not violated. Led by the manager, the HR department will be tasked with the coordination of safety protocols to protect the health of the workers. In addition, ensuring employees are aware about the Public Health Policy Occupational Safety of the company through formal and safety training is mandatory to ensure smooth implementation of the policy. The senior personnel at the departmental levels will be tasked with upholding safe working conditions through leading by example. This policy is in line with the International Labor Organization (ILO) regulations that demand services, facilities and amenities in the vicinity of the working place enable the employees to work in a healthy and conducive environment. It advocates treatment of employees with dignity to ensure high satisfaction. Healthy and happy employees tra nslate to efficiency and high productivity at work (Baggott, 2010). The policys welfare plan will include all things done for the coziness and reassurance of a healthy working environment as one of the main motivators besides money. Welfare aids in preserving the self-confidence and inspiration of the employees thereby benefiting the company and the employees. Employees who stay in the company longer get familiar with the health and safety protocols in place compared to new employees. They are normally fully aware of strategies to be followed in case there is a breach of health and safety regulations (Shandro et al., 2011). The policy is advocating for improved designing and enactment of workplace safety plans to curb or minimalize the loss and harm instigated to employees and property by reducing the risk of industrial accidents. On top of that, the employee welfare programs can occasion considerable implications in savings, amplified productivity and nurturing symbiotic relations between employees and the management. In order to initiate and maintain an effective relationship, each company must study this policy keenly; perform a thorough analysis of the working environment and understand the changes necessary. This will go a long way to ensure that health and safety regulation becomes part of the institutional culture. For example, the extent of protection may be influenced by the extent of the health risk involved in performing a given duty. In our case, the miners need more safety compared to people working in the offices. For that reason, their protective gear must correspond to the kind of injuri es expected in their line of work. In addition, people working in factories are constantly exposed to chemical spillages. Exposure to corrosive chemicals can cause diseases in the long run. In some stances, some chemical can be fatal after a short period of exposure. Top notch protection is vital to protect the health of people working in such environment (Murray, Davies, Rees, 2011). Implementation of the Policy The modern day law breach under this policy will be divided into two sets; that is, a severe and willful violation of stipulated rules and negligence to adopt the policy in entirety. Before the policy could be invoked in a court of law for prosecution of companies neglecting its (policy) implementation, it will have to be established whether the laborers are not provided with protective equipment while handling the minerals and chemicals. If the firm was unsuccessful to offer employees the necessary hand protection gloves when handling potentially harmful chemicals and minerals, therefore, a citation can be made for breach of OSHA obligation (Niu, 2010; Pingle, 2012). Exposing the workforce to unsafe chemicals, more especially, when handling corrosive materials exposes employees to risks which may result in fatal injuries. This gives a judicious ground for the citation. Inadequately labeling of lethal chemicals and defective energy regulation protocols in place will constitute crimin al offenses warranting the citation of the policy. In addition, if the employees are given a go head to handle machines when they do not have rudimentary qualifications to handle such machines and equipment, the policy will be invoked. There are two instances when summonses can be done. They are a violation of the original violation and the action of an employee which may establish blatant misconduct, and a person is liable to face charges. Repeated and willful breach can be cited to protect the act of international exhibiting (Brauer, 2016). Any person found guilty is liable to face highest prison punishment as well as fines for extreme offenses. The third course will largely rely on the intention that the worst sentence for deliberate and recurrent contraventions may lead to a higher penalty that exceeds grave breach. The failure to dismiss will make it difficult to reconcile with a punishment provision for lawful civil penalty for up to A$ 1,000, and each citation for breach is allowed by the worker to proceed. Failure by an employee to decline violation under the verdict of the commission allows the breach cited to withstand. The workers inability to adhere to the provisions of the policy as established with full knowledge will also be held responsible. A penalty will be exacted on them as a reminder to use the tools handed to the all times. The penalty will be in the form of incarceration for six months or a fine not exceeding A$ 300. This will serve as a lesson that it is a criminal offense to expose oneself to chemical hazards with the aim of seeking unlawful compensation from the company. The policy will not spare the company either. The maximum penalty not exceeding A$206,000 will be exacted on mining company, or factory found guilty of multiple violations of the Public Health Policy Occupational Safety in the Mining Industry and Factory Employees It is possible to use OSHA in the cases presented in the industrial courts. It is stated that the tribunal has the power to recover civil outcomes specified in this section (Reissman et al., 2011). The consideration is made on the qualification the employee, the job description, and credence of the violation of the of the employers or workers good faith to the preceding history of the breach. The employers or workers found guilty to have violated the provisions of the policy are handed maximum sentences. By so doing, any other parties with similar intentions of breaking, bending or neglecting the safety of employees will have to think twice before going down that road; thereby safeguarding the health of the employees. References Mudd, G. M. (2007). The sustainability of mining in Australia: key production trends and their environmental implications.Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University and Mineral Policy Institute, Melbourne. Murray, J., Davies, T., Rees, D. (2011). Occupational lung disease in the South African mining industry: research and policy implementation.Journal of public health policy,32(1), S65-S79. Shandro, J. A., Veiga, M. M., Shoveller, J., Scoble, M., Koehoorn, M. (2011). Perspectives on community health issues and the mining boombust cycle.Resources Policy,36(2), 178-186. Li, Z., Ma, Z., van der Kuijp, T. J., Yuan, Z., Huang, L. (2014). A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment.Science of the Total Environment,468, 843-853. Baggott, R. (2010).Public health: policy and politics. Palgrave Macmillan. Pingle, S. (2012). Occupational safety and health in India: now and the future.Industrial health,50(3), 167-171. Niu, S. (2010). Ergonomics and occupational safety and health: An ILO perspective.Applied ergonomics,41(6), 744-753. Brauer, R. L. (2016).Safety and health for engineers. John Wiley Sons. Reissman, D. B., Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., Katz, C. L. (2011). Public health practice and disaster resilience: A framework integrating resilience as a worker protection strategy.Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan, 340-58.

Adolescent psychology Essay Example

Adolescent psychology Essay The following paper will deliver research on the area of adolescent psychology with the theme of self-mutilation or self harm that occurs with adolescent girls.   This concept of masochism will be dissected in the essay using peer reviewed journal articles.   The psychosis behind this action will also be explored and the impetus of the problem will also be given in this paper.   The history of the subject will be given as it relates not only psychologically with adolescence but also some sociology will be incorporated into the paper to give it a fair balance of prognosis. Adolescence is a period of socialization where children develop relationships outside of the family.   These relationships further fuel or enhance their perceptions of the world, their bonding with surrounding society members and their view of human interactions.   In an environment where there is a distant mother or absent father, where the child is found to have problems acting socially normal with other people, the person is defined as a deviant.   Not everyone who has been subjected to the above findings will go on to become a self-mutilator, but these types of adolescent girls are or have been defined by these terms.   Body image in the media is intended to represent a product and to sell that product.   The media gurus choose thin models not as attesting to how women should look but rather as a tribute to how they want their product to appear to the audience.   The idea of thinness is misconstrued on the idea that women’s bodies are too thin and thus those to o thin bodies present to the advertising world what their body should look like, but this is not true.   Thinness is in the eye of the beholder, â€Å"When individuals evaluate their appearance, they can either concur or disagree with other evaluators.   If dissensus occurs its direction can be either self enhancing or self-denigrating† (Levinson 1986; 330).   It becomes apparent then, that early childhood development is essential to creating an identity and furthermore to creating a sound human being who is not prone to acts of aggression We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescent psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescent psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescent psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, the act of bloodshed is art, thereby attributing self-mutilation as a means of reinvention of self, not only as punishment but an endeavor to transform the self due in part to low esteem, predisposition, or other abnormalities.   Often times this sacrifice of the adolescent’s blood is equated with Christ’s sacrifice for redemption of humankind, thus, the mutilation is cleansing of their sin (Hewitt 1997; 104).   The adolescent girl is using this pain and sacrifice for the importance of self expression.   Thus, mutilation becomes associated with salvation.   Masochism becomes equated with sacrifice, and blood is equated to a necessary part of this ritual.   The adolescent girl feels more human, less mundane when mutilation occurs, and thus she feels as though she were finding an inner truth to herself, one that the pedestrian tantrums that other adolescent girls indulge did not deliver to her.   (Hewitt 1997; 104). In Pipher’s studies (1994) she recognizes that female deviance is formed not only from interaction or lack of interaction from family, but also to the deliverance of aggression from friends and kids at school.   Girls will call other girls sluts (the manifestation of anger through verbal outbursts) and do mean things to them while they ‘aren’t looking’.   Boys do not verbalize their malice but act upon it by physically abusing their supposed assailant.   These two areas of socialization are prevalent in the various typological profiling for self mutilation.   An abusive environment will generate different responses from men and women.   Men, with an abusive childhood will transgress their behavior in terms of killing, raping or violent crimes.   Women are more likely to internalize their reactions and become self-destructive, turning to drug abuse or prostitution.   The internal deviance of women causes most people to disbelieve their capabili ty of being hands-on violent or self aggressive.   Thus, mutilation becomes associated with body image, and control.   Dittmar and Howard go on to state that roughly 20% of models in the fashion industry are underweight which in turn clinically diagnosis them with the condition of anorexia nervosa.   These conditions give further rise to other women’s problems.   Since the cultural idea of thinness as perpetuated by the media and the fashion industry is to have increasingly thin body types, the average woman or man tries dieting and exercising to keep up with the ‘standard’.   When the average woman or man finds that they are still not ‘normal’ according to the cultural guidelines of the word, they begin to be dissatisfied with their bodies which leads to low self-esteem, â€Å"Thus it stands to reason that women are likely to experience body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and even eating disorders if they internalize and strive for a be auty ideal that is stringently thin and essentially unattainable† (478). Adolescent girls use pain as a gateway of understanding life.   Common mutilations practices include the performance of burn their limbs and slicing themselves with sharp razors.   In more dire, or ritualistic mutilations, the adolescent girl will use her own blood and outline her physiognomy on the plane of a mirror, at which she is peering.   She would take blood from her sliced open eyelids and trace her face in the glass.   By performing in this fashion the girl was able to visually and metaphorically re-engineer the product of artistry in her shedding of her own blood which in turn become a dichotomy of both process and product (Hewitt 1997; 103). Patricia Pearson, in her book, When She Was Bad, describes early acts of aggression by women as being a verbal attack demonstrating manipulation to an astounding degree.   Name-calling is the epitome of this action or lack of action.   Women are renowned for the pressures they present each other in early adolescence.   This verbal act of abuse is amplified in self mutilation through their indirect aggression to the themselves, Self-mutilative behavior (SMB) refers to the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without suicidal intent.   SMB is a pervasive public health problem occurring at a rate of 4% in the genera adult population and 21% in adult clinical populations.   Adolescence is a period of significantly increased risk for SMB, as is evidenced by rates of 14%-39% in adolescent community samples and 40%-61% in adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples (Nock Prinstein 2005; 140). The sociology involved with delinquent girls can be linked most especially to peer associates and to the culture at hand for delivering a message of women as â€Å"Other† and viewing women as unable to commit such a heinous crime as serial killing. Social bonding is more prevalent for females than males, and because there is a lack of support for women to be aggressive or to commit crimes then there are less female criminals if one is to believe serial killing is a cause of socialization.   Passivity is a ‘trained’ female trait, which enables them to not break out into fits of rage but to internalize the problem (and if aggression is addressed it is done so verbally).   Women are not seen as aggressive or as criminals.   Culture would believe that female serial killers are against nature. Men are the war makers, the abusive husbands, and the dirty side of society waiting to pounce on victims from the crevice of a dark alley. Men are the hunters and women are the gatherers as is historically thought for agriculturally based societies.   But this kind of thinking is phallic and has been thought too long.   Although self-mutilation is thought of as control over the self, the fringes of this definition incorporate the less noticeable mutilation of eating disorders.   Anorexia and bulimia are also forms of control over the self through the vehicle of the body.   The detriment of this fact, the fact that thinness is amounting to such problems as anorexia nervosa raise many social and cultural issues.   The cultural issue may best be summarized in Dittmar and Howard’s article as they quote Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer, both spokespersons for top models, â€Å"†¦(s)tatistics have repeatedly shown that if you stick a beautiful skinny girl on the cover of a magazine you sell more copies†¦Agencies would say that we supply the women and the advertisers, our clients, want.   The clients would say that hey are se lling a product and responding to consumer demand.   At the end of the day, it is a business and the fact is that these models sell the products† (478).  Ã‚   Thus, the opposite side of the spectrum is arguing that businesses or model clients are merely representing something that already exists within the cultural dynamic.   The argument is that thin models represent what people want to see and so the products the models are advertising sell more copies.   The clients of the modeling agencies are merely tied into the vicious cycle of believing what they want to believe.   Although this point seems somewhat valid, the validation stops when such perpetuating leads to serious illnesses (in some cases anorexia or bulimia have lead to death). It can plainly be deciphered from the above text that body image is created by the media, as Guttman quotes in her article â€Å"Advertising, My Mirror† in an interview with Christian Blachas, â€Å"That image comes to us from the fashion world.   People like to say advertising starts trends like the recent wave of ‘fashion pornography.’ But this came straight from designers and fashion journalists.   The job of advertising is to pick up on trends.   It’s rarely subversive because brands don’t gain anything from shocking people too much.   Advertising’s a remarkable mirror, but it doesn’t start fads† (25).   Consequently, Blachas is stating that if fault is to be placed anywhere for the over correction of dieting, then the blame is not on the fashion industry but on advertisers who are the ones who pick up trends and allow these trends to filter down to every consumer; thus, while 20% of models are diagnosed as too â₠¬Ëœthin’ this relevant percentage can be related to the American public. Women and men are sensible enough to know what is too thin to be realistic; often times media transform their model’s bodies and digitally enhance or decrease the model’s body thus presenting a false image.   This is not done in order to impress upon young girls that their bodies should be thin but merely in keeping in mind with the best possible way to present the product of the advertisement.   The fact that such images are digitally enhanced in one way or another is no secret and therefore the justification that such images produce too thin body ideals does not hold against the argument that they indeed do, I mean we can alter that body shape definitely†¦I mean the computer can pretty much do anything.   You can alter it†¦they don’t tend to †¦but its kind of up to the model editor†¦You make ‘em†¦sort of squish them together to make them look thinner (Milkie 2002; 851). Another argument against the too thin body image presented in the media is that this is more of a cultural attitude.   In The body of the beholder the authors highlight that more often than not Caucasian women have poor images of themselves while African American women do not; this is attributed to culture and not to media; in other words, the body image is in the eyes of the beholder and not in the eyes of the media, â€Å"Quite commonly researchers restrict samples to white subjects or ignore race as an independent variable in their designs.   However, existing anecdotal and case studies report that blacks assign positive qualities of well-being and power to heavy-women† (Levinson et al. 1986; 331). This argument however is hard to accept since the media drenches the advertisting world with continuous images of the thin model as is seen with CK models, Victoria’s Secret models, and especially in layouts of Sports illustrated. The adolescent girl sheds blood in order to be human, to physically feel something because often times the emotional part of the brain is cauterized from one event (i.e. divorce, death, disassociation, etc.).   The adolescent girl sees the body as a vehicle, a tool of expression through pathological masochism.   Thus, she is making a succinct statement to society and the self, not only of sacrifice and redemption but also in an egotistical fashion she is stating that her arms are hers to do with what she pleases.   If she wants her arms to be scarred then that is how they will be and this message is delivered to herself or society as control. Adolescent girls engage in SMB for a myriad of reasons which may entail doing it for personal boundary definition, to relate to power in being the one to penetrate which involves various other sexual reasons behind SMB, and it also relates, or could relate to the sense of mastery of death (Nock Prinstein 2005; 140).   These reasons all point to one fact; control.   The adolescent girl becomes affluent in SMB in order to gain control or have some sense of control over herself and what is done to her body.   With the changes that are natural during this period of an adolescent girls life SMB correlates for psychological reasons that the girl wants to combat nature and individualistic if masochistic in order to have control. Thus it may be surmised that SMB is automatic, that is, there is little socializing that contributes to the action.   On the contrary however socialization, especially with adolescent girls, is an area in which they definitely feel as though they are not in control of their environment or themselves.   Self mutilation can be done using cutting, burning or by inserting objects under one’s skin (Nock Prinstein 2005; 141).   The participants in Nock and Prinstein’s study included 66 girls ages 12-17 who were studied for a period of twelve months. The results discussed in this study included the participation in SMB while not indulging in alcohol or drugs.   The participants reported that they felt no pain during self mutilation, even with lack of alcohol or drugs; what further perpetuated the act of SMB as Nock and Prinstein report, â€Å"A substantial proportion of adolescents reported that their friends had also engaged in SMB.  Ã‚   Friends’ behavior may increase adolescents’ access to SMB through prming as apotential strategy for achieving automatic and social contingencies.   Results indicated that the number of SMB incidents among friend was significantly associated with a social positive reinforcement function of SMB suggestion that some adolescents may believe that their friends’ behavior was successful in eliciting specific social behaviors from others in the interpersonal context† (Nock Prinstein 2005; 144). SMB is often also seen as an escapist route for adolescent girls.   With the fact that they feel no pain when they perform SMB it may indicate that they will increase their cutting or burning in order to feel something or also in order to exude proper control of their neuron stimulus.   When this is achieved adolescent girls often times experience a period of euphoria because they exerted complete control not over their emotions but over their physical threshold of pain which signifies to them a certain strength.   If an adolescent girl indulging in SMB is able to continual to do harm to herself without feeling pain or without stopping the performance of self infliction then she is exhibiting to herself that what physical torment she can endure.   Followed by euphoria and coupled with the body’s natural adrenaline levels and its ability to produce natural relaxers in times of stress, the adolescent girl feels as though she has accomplished a goal. As Nock and Prinstein state the act of SMB may be an unintentional act to begin with but the symbolism of control through inflicted pain and the threshold of that pain are too enticing for an adolescent girl and she indulges increasingly in SMB, â€Å"The initial act of SMB may occur nonimpulsivley , but subsequent acts may occur without substantial planning.   Examination of antecedents to initial SMB episodes as compared with factors that serve to maintain or reinforce ongoing SMB is a high priority for future research†¦this impulsiveness and lack of physical pain is of high concern as this suggests SMB is difficult to prevent and treat given the limited time frame for intervention and the lack of naturally occurring aversive consequences† (Nock Prinstein 2005; 143-144). Adolescent girls who participate in self mutilation often have associate feelings of emptiness, detachment, anhedonia, and ‘a restricted range of affect may increase the likelihood of engaging in SMB for automatic positive reinforcement to generate certain sensations of feelings’ (Nock Prinstein 2005; 144).   Thus it may be surmised that not only is SMB a reason enforced with the concept of control but it also alludes to adolescent girls trying to engage in the bridge between sensation and reality.   Adolescent girls want to feel something through their act of SMB; although this may seem contrary to the above statement of adolescent girls wanting to have control over their pain, it is subsequent to this reason in that adolescent girls participate in SMB to both have control over how they feel but also to initiate some sort of feeling.   Often times if pain is the only feeling which becomes synonymous from SMB then they are achieving their goal even if they remain stoic during the process. Ingrassia Springen further emphasize that white culture teaches that it is okay and even normal to have an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia, but in black culture these are even more of a phenomenon as black girls do not succumb to this masochism since their culture does not present it as a strong factor to be considered normal, â€Å"Black teens dont usually go to such extremes. Anorexia and bulimia are relatively minor problems among African-American girls. And though 51 percent of the black teens in the study said theyd dieted in the last year, follow-up interviews showed that far fewer were on sustained weight-and-exercise programs. Indeed, 64 percent of the black girls thought it was better to be a little overweight than underweight. And while they agreed that very overweight girls should diet, they defined that as someone who takes up two seats on the bus.†Ã‚   (Ingrassia Springen 1995; 66). The origins of self-mutilation arrive to the Western world from ritualistic practices in which body scarring and tattooing were emphasized.   During these rituals the person having the scarring done to them or the tattooing had to exhibit complete control of emotions and not let on that they were in pain.   This was a mark of pride, this theme of control.   The adolescent girl’s delivered message to society is found inside the fact that she does not exhibit pain nor fear during her mutilation, but complete control.   This action thereby makes the body a canvas, a conduit of self, masochism, and deliverance. Despite the strength that these adolescent girls surmise that they may be gaining from building up a threshold for SMB, the fact remains that it is a serious health detriment.   These adolescent girls are becoming habitually reliant on an insalubrious action whose causes are imbedded in detached human emotions and controlling psyches.   This paper has presented the facts of the socialization of adolescent girls and the genderizing of them as well as has dedicated its research to the automatic causes of SMB as well as the initial stages of the disorder which to reiterate are within oneself or else outside of oneself and thereby in society.   The impulse to be masochist resides in the fact of both following the peer influences crowd under the guise of fitting in and having a proneness to commit SMB because that is what friends are doing , as well as SMB being committed in order to achieve a personal goal.   That goal, for adolescent girls resides in the fact of them building a threshold of pain and dominating themselves through cutting, or burning.   SMB is thus both a psychological as well as a sociological phenomenon.

Breaking the Limits What It Takes to Be a Monster Professor Ramos Blog

Breaking the Limits What It Takes to Be a Monster Moumita Milton English 1027th August 2019 Monsters are a paradoxical cultural phenomenon: although abnormal creatures inspire fear and uncertainty, the movies featuring them never lose popularity. This statement is particularly true of Frankenstein, a popular interpretation of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Surprisingly, the 19th century novel has dozens of cinematographic interpretations exciting the public imagination, despite all the breakthroughs in the field of medicine. This paper will examine the canonical Frankenstein produced in 1931 by Carl Laemmle Jr. The objective of the analysis is to explain why the outbreak of the Great Depression was the right time for the monster horror film based on the philosophical novel about the physical and ethical limits of human capabilities. Frankenstein is a monster film telling the story about things going wrong and disturbing the pastoral life in a village of the Bavarian Alps. While ignoring his fiancà ©e’s suasions, the young scientist Henry Frankenstein seeks to create human life from different parts that he and his assistant Fritz have been collected from various sources. Despite its simple and innocent character, the creature inspires fear in many people, which becomes the beginning of a sad saga about the consequences of human attempts to play the god. The monster kills several people but saves the master’s life at the cost of his own existence. The story of the monster was a success given that the box office exceeded the budget almost fifty times (The Numbers n. p.). Therefore, it is interesting to learn why a fairly simple plot attracted thousands of people seeking to survive amidst the global economic crisis. At times, monsters come back explaining why the plain story does not lose its relevance. Jeffrey Cohen, probably the most famous monster expert, asserts that a monster always escapes to â€Å"reappear someplace else† (4). Cohen mentions that â€Å"No monster tastes of death but once†; and this statement may explain why Shelley’s story gained an unexpected popularity with the 20th century public (5). In Shelley’s novel, the monster disappears after Frankenstein tries to shoot him to emerge a century later bringing an important message to who it may concern. (Frankenstein, Boris Karloff, 1931) The message that the creature brings has been bothering experts for decades. According to Lamb, it is the message about the limits of human will that had been significantly extended by Victor Frankenstein’s attempts to create the human life (305). Similarly, Salotto interprets Frankenstein’s experiments as a way to remember himself and reconstruct own identity by creating â€Å"a creature of his likeness† (190). Salotto asserts that Frankenstein’s attempt to manufacture a creature from different parts of various human bodies is a way to survive the traumatic loss experience (191). Frankenstein seeks to recover after his mother’s death by creating someone who is similar to him but who is not overwhelmed by sad memories. The numerous interpretations of Frankenstein’s decision agree on the fact that a monster appears at some critical point in the individual or collective history. For instance, Hartman asserts that monsters reveal the tension between tradition and innovation predetermining the national course (1). Interestingly, this assumption is valid in the context of Frankenstein. Shelley wrote the novel as a rebel against the â€Å"age of reason† underlying the superiority of logic over traditional values like faith(Lamb 305). The 17th and 18th century Enlighteners believed scholars could conduct the experiments that were previously viewed as immoral (Lamb 305). In turn, Shelley created the monster to show that going against the laws of religion and morality would have disastrous consequences. A century later, people followed the monster story because it resonated with changes occurring in their personal existence and the life of the entire country. The cinemagoers saw the destruction of the old world and emergence of the new economic order. The changes were so terrifying that the story of the monster was ironically comforting. Moreover, watching Frankenstein could be motivating by seeing the difference between the monster and the viewers made of flesh and blood. According to Cohen, â€Å"†¦the monster is an incorporation of the Outside, the Beyond – of all those loci that are rhetorically placed as distant and distinct† (7). Although the monster is made from different parts of the human body, he is very different from an average person in terms of physical and mental capabilities; and understanding of the difference evokes a pleasant sense of self excellence. At the beginning of Frankenstein, the monster is timid and awkward, hence, requires a master to oversee his actions and protect him. As the monster leaves the place where he was created, he learns to interact with other people. However, the attempts have dramatic consequences and eventually result in the monster being captured and killed. The scene where the monster saves the master’s life at the cost of his own aims to underline the superiority of a man over an abnormal creature. Since the monster is different from the master, his life appears to be less valuable, and the scene where Baron Frankenstein celebrates the wedding of the recovered Henry seems logical. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the fact that a monster always dwells at the door of difference. According to Cohen, the thesis implies that all the things making a monster different from a man â€Å"originate Within† (7). The statement means that the monstrous difference is an exaggeration of cultural, political, or economic differences. Therefore, people attribute monstrous features to a phenomenon that they cannot understand or control. For instance, scientific experiments may inspire fear because of the unpredicted consequences. Unfortunately, people are unwilling to take responsibility for their careless decisions, so the monstrous features are ascribed to the creature rather than the scientist manufacturing it. Nevertheless, Frankenstein suggests that the difference between the man and the monster may be subtle which encourages people taking a closer look into their choices and decisions. In Cohen’s theory, a monster is standing at the creator’s threshold looking for the reasons why he has arisen from the unknown (25). In a broader sense, the monster is the result of Frankenstein’s attempts to create someone who is like him but is not overburdened by moral dilemmas (Salotto 190). However, the 20th century suggested new reasons why the monster arose from the years of oblivion. Obviously, the monster is an allegory of the national economy that did not live up to the expectations and almost destroyed its creator. During the late 1920s and the early 1930s, American economy resembled Shelley’s monster manufactured from unsustainable ideas and driven by inflated expectations. When the monster left its gloomy shelter, thousands of people wondered how it happened that the creature came to life and made everyone feel insecure. In turn, capturing the monster meant there is always a solution if humans think of the ways how their own thoughts and actions preconditioned the disaster. Therefore, monsters will always be part of culture because they are the product of human desires, fears, and ambitions. The old monster plots do not lose their relevance because the abnormal creatures appear in the time of crisis and encourage people thinking how their worldview opened Pandora’s Box. Understanding of the relationship of a monster to a man is, probably, the best way to make the plot exciting and thought provoking. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. University of Minnesota Press, 1996, 3-25. Hartman, Emma. â€Å"Tradition vs. Innovation and the Creatures in Spirited Away.†Digital Literature Review, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 1-13. Laemmle, Carl, director. Frankenstein. Universal Pictures, 1931. Lamb, John B. â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton Monstrous Myth.† Nineteenth-Century Literature, vol. 47, no 3, 1992, pp. 303-319. Salotto, Eleanor. â€Å"Frankenstein† and Dis(re)membered Identity.† The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 24, no 3, 1994, pp. 190-211. The Numbers. â€Å"Frankenstein (1931) Domestic Box Office.† The Numbers, https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Frankenstein-(1931)#tab=summary. Accessed 6 August 2019. Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. University of Minnesota Press, 1996, 3-25. Although monsters are a common occurrence in world culture, there is no consensus why they exist and continue to excite the imagination. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen argues that monsters embody a difference, hence inspire fear and uncertainty in their creators (3). Cohen further elaborates on the nature of monsters by putting forward seven â€Å"monster theses† (3). According to Cohen, the monster embodies a certain cultural moment, always escapes to reappear in another place or time, defies existing order and rules, reveals cultural differences, policies the borders of the possible, represents forbidden practices, and brings attention to the link with humans creating abnormal creatures (3-25). By introducing the theses, Cohen offers an insightful explanation why monsters emerge, develop, and reappear to appear somewhere in a different time or place. Moreover, the theses explain the longstanding phenomenon by shedding light on the link between the monsters and the people creating them. Hartman, Emma. â€Å"Tradition vs. Innovation and the Creatures in Spirited Away.†Digital Literature Review, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 1-13. Hartman suggests an in-depth analysis of Spirited Away, â€Å"the highest grossing film in the history of Japanese cinema†, with an aim to explain the essence of kami and their relation to Japanese culture (1). According to Hartman, kami possess monstrous features, like supernatural abilities or threatening agendas that are not quite understandable from a Western perspective. Nevertheless, examination of the kami through the prism of Japanese tradition suggests that the monsters embody the tension between tradition and innovation in the country (Hartman 1). Hartman asserts that the kami were invented with an aim to prevent the Japanese youth from slipping away from the tradition (1). Therefore, Hartman’s conclusion is in line with Cohen’s thesis that monsters portend a crisis (6). In Spirited Away, the kami appear when the tension between the traditional and innovative development reaches its peak and becomes a major cause for public concern. Lamb, John B. â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton Monstrous Myth.† Nineteenth-Century Literature, vol. 47, no 3, 1992, pp. 303-319. Lamb conducted an intertextual analysis to identify the relationship of Shelley’s Frankenstein to Milton’s Paradise Lost. According to Lamb, tracing the relationship between the two works is â€Å"problematic† because despite Milton’s hold on literary imagination, Shelley succeeded in â€Å"changing the discourse of identity from monologue to dialogue† (319). The changing discourse is insightful in terms of understanding who the monster is, why it has appeared, and whether he is able to survive without the master. The own voice is the distinctive feature of Shelley’s monster who can explain how he feels and why he seeks to find the master, despite the challenges on his way. When the creature gains his voice, the reader understands the moral dilemmas of engaging into forbidden practices and breaking taboos underlying the process of creating a monster. A person transcends the limits because of inner fear, uncertainty, and problematic identity. Salotto, Eleanor. â€Å"Frankenstein† and Dis(re)membered Identity.† The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 24, no 3, 1994, pp. 190-211. Salotto suggests an in-depth analysis of Shelley’s narrative as a way to explain the origins of one’s life. Although Frankenstein is divided among three narrators, the distinction between the narrative parts is arbitrary and suggests a close relationship between Frankenstein and the monster he has created. According to Salotto, Frankenstein’s experiments â€Å"to create a creature of his likeness† are the attempts to remember and reconstruct one’s own identity after the mother’s death (190). Salotto’s analysis explains Frankenstein’s decision to create a monster and addresses a plethora of moral dilemmas associated with the intention. Also, Salotto’s analysis elaborates on a number of Cohen’s monster theses. In particular, the examination of Frankenstein’s narration reveals the reasons why people create the creatures that inspire fear and uncertainty. Moreover, Salotto elaborates on Cohen’s seventh thesis by underlying the inextricable relationship between the monster and his creator.

Define Battle of COP Keating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Define Battle of COP Keating - Essay Example The battle of COP Keating occurred in October 3rd 2009 in Kamdesh, Nuristan province of eastern Afghanistan (35Ëš24ââ€" ¡36ââ€" ¡N 71Ëš20ââ€" ¡29ââ€" ¡E / 35.41ËšN71.34139ËšE) and according to Executive summary: AR 15-6 investigation re: complex attack on COP Keating--3 Oct 09 saw to a 12-hour close contact battle pitting Taliban insurgents against American military, two Latvian trainers and Afghan coalition forces that nearly became a hand to hand combat. At the time of the attack, the COP was home to approximately 60 cavalrymen from Bravo Troop, 3rd Squadron, 61st Cavalry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division and a couple stationed Afghanistan coalition officers. Commanders and leaders during the battle included Curtis Scaparrotti, Randy George, Dost Muhammed, Sirajuddin Haqqani and Ghulan Faroq (Sanders, 122). At the end of the battle, 8 United States troops had died and a further 22 were left wounded. In addition, eight Afghan soldiers were wounded, together with two Afghan private security guards. A body count by the military confirmed that about 150 to 200 Taliban insurgents died in the firefight that lasted through the day. The United States troops who lost their lives in the battle were Justin T. Gallegos (Tucson, Arizona), Christopher Griffin (Kincheloe, Michigan), Kevin C. Thomson (Reno, Nevada), Michael P. Scusa (Villas, New Jersey), Vernon W. Martin (Savannah, Georgia), Stephan L. Mase (Lovettsville, Virginia), Joshua J. Kirk (South Portland, Maine) and Joshua M. Hardt (Applegate, California). Another 10 Afghan soldiers and 4 Taliban fighters died in the period of October 5th and 6th when Coalition troops carried out operations to determine, locate and destroy the militia behind the October 3rd attack on the COP Keating. The PRT Kamdesh, newly named Camp Keating after death of First Lieutenant Ben Keating who died while transporting an armored supply track to the Naray FOB, was initially intended to be a provincial reconstruction team base (PRT); a strategic location from where supply of weaponry from the Pakistan to the Anti Coalition Militia (ACM) would be minimized and halted. However, the camp proved very difficult to defend in case of attack, as was rampant in the area. Several factors contributed significantly to the area’s threatening insecurity and unsuitability for a military camp in an area as hostile as the Camp Keating. These eventually saw to reason and subsequent planning by the US military to evacuate the area to more populated areas of Afghanistan in order to provide more security and protection to the local civilians. The Combat Outpost (COP) Keating is situated in a valley surrounded on all sides by mountains and a river meandering its way on one side. It would appear like a bowl, greatly reducing any chances of successful defense upon attack. The area is also characterized by rough terrain with sharp rocks and transport via the road was prone to attack by insurgents. The road contractors of Afghanistan had also failed to maintain the road in the area which regrettably led to the death of Lieutenant Ben Keating who had a fatal accident while on trans portation duty along the road. This together with the unsuitability of the area for any aircraft landing made any air response and aid during attacks minimal if not late. It is documented that a military chopper had earlier crushed into the terrain while attempting to land in the area killing all its passengers. A landing pad was

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Law - Assignment Example The offeror cannot just cancel an offer once it is made. When an offer is made, the offeree (the one the offer is made to) can decide whether to take it or not within a reasonable timeframe. Since an offer puts some kinds of obligations on the offeror, there is the need to define what constitutes an offer. In this definition, there are some exceptions to the rule. When a person makes an indication that another person can enter negotiations for a contract, this is not an offer, it is an invitation to treat. A typical example of an invitation to treat is the case of the display of goods in a shop window. In Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V Boots Cash Chemists (1953) it was held that goods displayed in a shop does not constitute an offer but an invitation to treat. Additionally, the declaration of an intent is not an offer. In Harris V Nickerson (1873), an auctioneer advertised the sale of goods in an auction. However, he refused to hold the auction on the said date. A prospect ive attendant sued for a breach. It was held that the advert was simply a declaration of intent but not an offer. Application In this, the advertisement by Gift House that they have reduced their A1 cameras was not an offer. It can be considered an invitation to treat. ... They are mere invitation to treat and declaration of intent respectively. Due to this, Martin does not have the right to purchase the camera at ?50. Davina Issue Davina gets informed that the A1 Camera (which sells for ?100) goes for ?50 in the shop. The shop also states that if anyone purchases goods worth ?500 by 1st December, there will be a free television. Davina mails an order for the camera and the goods totaling ?500 and indicates she wants the free television on 30th November. Davina receives the goods but finds out that she was charged ?100 for the camera and she did not get the television which was promised. The issue is whether the postal order created a legal contract that gives her rights to the camera at ?100 as well as the television set. Rule In Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball (1893), the defendants advertised to pay ?100 to anyone who caught flu after using smoke their smokeballs. Mrs Carlill used the smoke balls but caught flu. She argued that she was entitled to the ?100 promised. It was held that the offer was one that a reasonable person could take seriously. Secondly, the postal rule is established in the case of Adams V Lindsell (1818). It states that acceptance of an offer takes effect once the acceptance letter is posted. Application In this case, Davina saw a catalogue that advertised two things: the sale of a camera at ?50 and an offer of a free TV when a customer shops to the tune of ?500. This is something that the average person could take seriously and follow up. Davina followed up by making an order through post on the 30th of November. This order was a valid claim for the A1 Camera at ?50 and the TV prize since she shopped to the tune of ?500. According to the postal rule, this postage

The Tunnel Rats Essay Example for Free

The Tunnel Rats Essay INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in January 1966 when one of the biggest intelligence coups of the war that time took place. While the soldiers or the â€Å"diggers† were doing a sweep of the â€Å"Iron Triangle† that was an area near Saigon they discovered a vast complex of tunnels.[1] This location was heavily guarded with armed protection and was restricted by the Viet Cong (VC). What they were about to find out was 60 feet into the ground of that perimeter would be the Viet Cong headquarters. [2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When they arrived in Vietnam as part of the 1st Battalion of the 28th Infantry, 3rd Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division in January 7, 1966, they were called the â€Å"Big Red One† and were sent to engage in operation â€Å"Crimp.†[3] The mission was to search and destroy sweep the Viet Cong stationed in the Northwest of Saigon. Even as they were just landing, they could see from the air how there were groups of their men in trouble with small fire fights that made them quickly exit their helicopters to engage in battle and destroy the VC that had been attacking the soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When they went inside the tree line that led to the locations were they saw some of the fights, they saw a large trench filled with nothing and no one. They did not know where the VCs went. Those they saw that were firing at the other soldiers just disappeared into thin air. They were gone, all of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The battalion moved forward to see large catches of rice and estimated the amount they saw were enough to feed a Regiment.   Even after a few days later, they saw foxholes, trenches and caves but there were no VC enemies to fight with. However, it was evident the United States casualties were still increasing because of sustained enemy sniper fire that basically came out of nowhere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was already January 10th and they merely had a few glimpse of this enemy. Later that day, a radio report came out that elements from another brigade had made contact with the VC and found the same thing tunnels. VIETNAM WARFARE STATEGIES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later they would discover that the VC’s strategy was to strike unexpectedly and then slip away into the tunnels to avoid retaliation. Their strategy was concealment and was effective with their hit and run tactics.[4] Tunneling was the essential element in the VC strategy. It was the greatest element in the VC stationed in the area of Cu Chi, located north the South Vietnamese capital, Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They used the tunnels for many functions. They attack American installations that were conveniently built right above them.[5] They took refuge in the tunnels when they felt threatened with annihilation. They used the tunnels to escape from threatened villages. The also used them to store war materials and to operate facilities like an underground hospital. The Americans never really discovered the full extent of the Viet Cong tunnel systems, but they gradually tried their best to develop tactics to counter attack the VCs and to use the complexities of the tunnels to their advantage.[6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnels are now made into something like a Disney amusement park wherein tourists can take an hour bus ride from Ho Chi Minh to experience going into them. These tunnels used to be well hidden from American soldiers and reporters of the war but now it has brought tourism to the country. But along with the sights and the interesting experience, the war tactics and weapons the Viet Cong used were placed on display that serves as a reminded of their polished warfare strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man traps made to kill were part of the display. When American soldiers would try to slip into the tunnels, Punjisticks or spears of bamboo with razor sharpness and covered with excrement or poison were the first things that greeted them.[7] The sticks pierced the legs and the torsos of the Americans. More brutal strategies were used as bear traps were also placed in the tunnel openings to amputate the feet of the soldiers as they go inside the tunnel. Like this was not enough protection, booby traps were also hung from the trees near the opening that would result to beheaded soldiers or amputated limbs.[8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The VC did not even bury some of their casualties. The United States forces often buried their dead enemy to keep track of the extent of the casualties for the enemy. Tactical conditions from the Viet Congs would result to dead VCs lying around the tunnels for the tunnel rats to discover. In some cases, they would even pull the bodies of dead American soldiers in the tunnels for the soldiers to encounter. This was a strategy they used to unnerve and demoralize the U.S. troops that would come into the tunnels.[9] TUNNELS OF CU CHI   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Located just seventy-five kilometers northwest from the country’s capital Ho Chi Minh were the tunnels of Cu Chi. This district of Cu Chi was a major Viet Cong infiltration route that served as a trail towards the Ho Chi Minh.[10]   Situated above the ground of this perimeter was the station of the United States 25th Infantry Division.[11] Below them was the home of the 7th Viet Cong Regiment and other allied units. It was like sleeping with the enemy, only with them they were sleeping above the enemy, literally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnels were reported to be 250 kilometers long and most of the tunnels were located in Cu Chi. There were three levels to the VC tunnels. [12] In the first level, the opening was three meters deep. As one goes deeper into the tunnel, it would widen and be about six meters deep. The third level of the tunnels was eight meters below the ground. An Underground Battle Station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the tunnels, it was like a whole word underground. There were kitchens, there was a hospital, and the officers’ quarters were there as well as a meeting room.[13] During that time the tunnels were almost inaccessible. It was hidden in a jungle-like area. During the war it was ravaged by a skin-burning chemical Agent Orange that was part of the American counterattack. Some tunnels were also too narrow for an overweight Westerner.[14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnel system included different sizes of chambers, rest areas, weapons and ammunitions storage, kitchens, workshops, barracks room as well as rooms that housed the communication equipments.[15]   The kitchens was designed so well the smoke that could signal the Americans of their location were dispersed and dissipated into numerous pipes that would mislead anyone who would see it.[16]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnels of Cu Chi were the venue where the Viet Cong fighters and the American Tunnel Rats, as they call those brave enough to penetrate the tunnels, would go into hand-to-hand combat inside dark and dangerous subterranean and complex tunnels. These tunnels were where they fought to death using knives and pistols.[17] The Little IRT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnels of Cu Chi were known as the Little IRT. They were similar to the railway system in America with an interconnecting tunnel system that was in the northern section of Hau Nghia Province and in the southwester section of Binh Duong Province. The tunnels complexity connected hamlets, villages and provinces in the area. Originally it was dug up to be used to support the Viet Minh guerilla war against the French.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American soldiers dubbed the tunnels the â€Å"little IRT† because of how similar it was to the New York City Subway. The complex tunnel system allowed for different levels in different locations that were interconnected by a series of â€Å"trap doors, channels, shafts, wells and communication tunnels.†[18] There connections from the tunnels to bunkers that was almost bombproof as well as to ground level bunkers. Tunnel Explorer, Locator Communicator System   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The TELACS was an experimental communications device system that the tunnel rats or the American soldiers used when they explored the enemy tunnel systems. It was a system that was composed of an earphone and a throat microphone for communications with the troops in the surface.[19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was a flawed system because there was much voice distortion and there needed to be a large amount of wire that had to be dragged behind the explorer. It was a slow and inaccurate system. When it was tested in the year 1969, it was withdrawn.[20]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnel system proved to a sophisticated military tactic from the Viet Cong that may have been underestimated by the American troops. The genius of their strategies overwhelmed U.S. Forces until it came to the point that they decided to clear the tunnels of the VC. TUNNEL CLEARING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the time when Ben Suc, Vietnam was depopulated American troops went on to clear out the tunnels of Cu Chi, looking for Viet Cong fighters. The army made use of large tanks with bull dozer blades as well as medium built soldiers that were known to be â€Å"tunnel rats† that went to uncover the underground city.[21] In the clearing process they found stoves, furniture, clothes for men and women, and essentially thousands of pages of important war documents. This major headquarters that the American command found brought them to explore further into the tunnels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, during that time, a senior officer that was in-charge of exploring the tunnel was killed by one of the bloody booby traps. The U.S. army saw the danger of the situation and retreated from exploring the tunnels. Instead, they pumped tear gas into the tunnels as well as set off explosives.[22] The Americans thought this was the top headquarters for the Viet Cong, they miss the headquarters of the NLF that was several miles north that place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. used tons of artillery and bombs for every Viet Cong fighter. The Viet Cong manual even said that the U.S. had much superior weapons and strength compared to them on the battlefield. But they could not chase them as they always launched surprise attacks from their underground tunnels.[23]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of incendiary weapons that included the white phosphorous and the napalm was used vastly by the U.S. forces during this time. [24]This move has placed them in the center of condemnation.   Napalm was described to be a petroleum fuel that as very effective in the destruction of the enemies’ bunkers as well as the people inside them. White phosphorous was used to mark targets and to set fire to flammable ones. It has caused suffering that would tend to continue burning the skin long after the initial contact.[25] Used together with napalm would prove to be painfully lethal. The mortality rate from those who suffered from such weapons was high and there were deaths that arose from injuries where victims were too badly burnt to receive hospital treatment.[26] CS Gas was proficiently used in clearing the tunnel complexes that sifted the enemy soldiers as well as the large numbers of civilians who sought refuge in the tunnels.[27]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some antiwar critics of the U.S. Forces in the Vietnam claimed that America conducted a war of genocide in Vietnam because of the civilian casualties. However this was denied because the U.S. military strategy did not amount to having an official policy of genocide nor was it the intention of the government and the armed forces to wipe out any significant part of the Vietnamese civilians. TUNNEL RATS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the war trained special units were called tunnel rats. They were described to be â€Å"small, mean and crazy† as they actually went inside the tunnels and combated with Viet Congs they encountered while other units merely thrown explosives to clear the tunnels.[28] They were also known to be the â€Å"Tunnel Runners† by the 25th Infantry Division and â€Å"Ferrets† by the Australian Army. â€Å"Tunnel Rat† was their official accepted name.[29]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was during this time that the U.S. Army realized that it was short-sighted to destroy the tunnels by the bulldozers and the bombings. There would be a massive loss of vital intelligence if the plans and documents of the Viet Cong would be destroyed through their first strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in 1965 when the 1st and 25th Infantry division organized specialized teams that had missions to search and explore the tunnels in the III Corp area.[30] The tunnel rats were not assigned; they were all volunteers and were armed only with a pistol or shotgun, a knife and a flashlight.[31] They infiltrated the tunnels with such minimal weapons where hundreds of VC might be hiding with their massive supply of weapons stored in the tunnels as well. Anyone who went into the tunnels was then dubbed as â€Å"Tunnel Exploration Personnels.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the tunnel rats descended into the tunnels they experience walking into a pitch black and claustrophobic pathway wherein they were playing a deadly game of hide and seek with the enemy Viet Cong. The sensitive probing of the floor, sides and roofs of the tunnels soon became second nature to the tunnel rat as he inched his way deeper into the tunnel complexes.[32] They carefully watched out for wires and tree roots that was irregular and could pass for booby trap that could blow them up to pieces or cut their limbs into pieces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entrances of the tunnels alone are usually mined or protected by concealed guards ready to fire upon entry. Sometimes, the unsuspecting tunnel rat can met the garrote or someone would cut his throat as he came up and pass by connecting trapdoors[33].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the VC booby traps were a whole breed of animals that resided in the dark confines of the tunnels.[34] There were bats that used the grounds during the daylight hours. Snakes were also encountered inside the tunnels. The Bamboo Viper and the Krait were the deadly snakes that can be found the VC tunnels. The Viet Cong would deliberately tether a snake in the tunnels to serve as a natural booby trap for the tunnel rats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stress the tunnel rats undergo every time they went into the tunnel was unthinkable that pushed their mental state to its limits. They would crawl into the narrow, pitch black tunnels looking for a heavily armed enemy for hours to combat with. The idea was to find the VC first before he jumped on them to kill them. Sometimes the strain on the men’s nerves was too much to bear to the point wherein he had to be dragged from the tunnel screaming and crying.[35] When this occurs, they are not allowed to go into the tunnel ever again. There were no dead tunnel rats that were to be left inside the tunnel. Dead or wounded they were dragged out with wires, rope or by a comrade only to be taken out of the VC territory.[36] Weapons and Warfare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was extensive use of the tunnel by the VC. The tunnel rats had to search and flush out the VC. Tunnel warfare then occurred between the VC and the U.S. Tunnel Rats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The soldiers became used to tunnel welfare that they reveled in the opportunity to pursue a VC through the narrow passageways. It was not a work for someone with a faint heart as the danger of death was ever present underground were grenades would just pop through trapdoors and other forms of booby trap awaited.[37]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a tunnel rat went in for tunnel warfare, the infantry basic load was kept to a minimal. His total lack of equipment to carry was a factor for the tunnel rat’s survival.[38] The pistols the tunnel rats carried where the .38 Smith and Wesson. Sometimes they would carry a 9mm German Luger.[39] Most of the tunnel rats agreed not to carry the Colt .45. It was too big of a weapon for the underground battle with a silencer. Without a silencer, it was too loud that the enemies from far away could know your location instantly while you are temporarily deafened by the shot. In tunnel warfare, the tunnel rats follow the golden rule that prohibits firing more than three shots underground without reloading.[40] If this does not happen, the VC could know that the tunnel rat is out of ammunition and could attack while they reload.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnel rats carried a standard Army issue flashlight and each member carried one. They practiced how they would carry the flashlight to prevent themselves from being lighted targets. They also practiced how to change batteries in pitch darkness by touch alone and how it can be done quickly.[41] CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tunnel rats were remembered to be one of the bravest in the American-Vietnam war. They did a job that not many wanted to do. In fact, not many dared to volunteer for this position. But they stepped up and made it a duty to their country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was not an easy job considering the highly sophisticated tunnel strategies that the Viet Cong implemented before the U.S. Army troops even discovered that they existed. They were in and out of a battle scene. They controlled the tempo of the battle because of their invisibility. Even when the tunnels were discovered, threats still turned on the American troops as it proved to be dangerous to explore the tunnels. Deadly booby traps such as land mines, sharp sticks and trapdoors overwhelmed the U.S. troops that may have underestimated the intelligence of the VC tactics. In the end much of the tunnels that were deeper into the complexes were remained uncovered and unexplored by the U.S. Army. This was a war rightfully won by the one who had the best strategies, the most ruthless approaches that surprised the nations of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Lousie. War and Aftermath in Vietnam. New York, Routledge, 1991. Clark, Gregory R. Words of the Vietnam War: The Slang, Jargon Abbreviations, Acronyms Nomenclature, Nicknames Pseudonyms, Slogans Specs, Euphemisms Double-Talk, Chants and Names and Places of the Era of United States Involvement in Vietnam. Jefferson, NC, McFarland, 1990. Mangolds, Tom. â€Å"Behind Enemy Lines a Nam Vet Returns; Tom Mangold Revisits the Terrifying Viet Cong Tunnels He Discovered as a Young War Reporter.And Finds Them Transformed into a Fascinating, Disney-Style Attraction†, The Mail on Sunday, 15 October 2006, 94. McGibbon, Ian. â€Å"The Tunnels of Cu Chi: A Remarkable Story of War in Vietnam†, New Zealand Internationa lReview, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2006): 29. Philbert, Robert E.   â€Å"Back to Nam†, Social Studies, Vol. 86, No. 1 (1995): 6. Schulzinger, Robert D. A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975. New York Oxford University Press, 1997. â€Å"Tunnel Rats.† Digger History, (2002). Available from http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tunnel-rats.htm, accessed on October 3, 2007.